DesiMDB
Mabel Normand

Acting

Mabel Normand

FR, EN cinema · 232 credits

Born

9 November 1893

Died

23 February 1930 (aged 36)

Birthplace

New Brighton, Staten Island, New York, USA

Also known as Mabel Ethelreid Normand · Mabel Normand-Cody · Muriel Fortescue · メーベル・ノーマンド

Mabel Normand (November 10, 1892– February 23, 1930) was an American silent film comedienne and actress, a popular star of Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios and noted as one of the film industry's first female screenwriters, producers and directors. Onscreen she appeared in a dozen commercially successful films with Charles Chaplin and seventeen with Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, occasionally writing and directing movies featuring Chaplin as her leading man as well as sometimes co-writing and co-directing with Chaplin in films in which they played the lead roles. At the height of her career in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Normand had her own movie studio and production company. Throughout the 1920s her name was linked with widely publicized scandals including the 1922 murder of William Desmond Taylor and the 1924 shooting of Courtland S. Dines, who was shot by Normand's chauffeur with her pistol. She was not a suspect in either crime. Her film career declined, possibly due to both scandals and a recurrence of tuberculosis in 1923, which led to a decline in her health, retirement from films and her death in 1930 at age 37. Mabel Normand has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to Motion Pictures, at 6821 Hollywood Boulevard. Her film Mabel's Blunder (1914) was added to the National Film Registry in December 2009. In June 2010, the New Zealand Film Archive reported the discovery of a print of Normand's film Won in a Closet (exhibited in New Zealand under its alternate title Won in a Cupboard), a short comedy previously believed lost. This film is a significant discovery, as Normand directed the movie and starred in the lead role, making it a showcase for her talents on both sides of the camera.

Known for

Filmography

Charlie Chaplin, The Genius of Liberty poster

Charlie Chaplin, The Genius of Liberty

FR · 20208.0

as archive footage

The Women Who Run Hollywood poster

The Women Who Run Hollywood

FR · 20167.1

as Self (archive footage)

Looking for Mabel Normand poster

Looking for Mabel Normand

EN · 2015Not rated

as Self (archive footage)

The Parrott Chase

2009

The Parrott Chase

EN · 2009Not rated

as (archive footage) (uncredited)

Why Be Good?: Sexuality & Censorship in Early Cinema poster

Why Be Good?: Sexuality & Censorship in Early Cinema

EN · 20074.3

as Self (archive footage)

Star Power: The Creation Of United Artists poster

Star Power: The Creation Of United Artists

EN · 199810.0

as Self (archive footage)

The Chaplin Puzzle poster

The Chaplin Puzzle

EN · 199210.0

as (archive footage)

Murderers, Mobsters, & Madmen: Volume 6: Hollywood Police Files

1992

Murderers, Mobsters, & Madmen: Volume 6: Hollywood Police Files

EN · 19928.0

as (archive footage) (uncredited)

Hollywood Scandals and Tragedies poster

Hollywood Scandals and Tragedies

EN · 1988Not rated

as (archive footage) (uncredited)

Days of Thrills and Laughter poster

Days of Thrills and Laughter

EN · 19616.0

as Self (archive footage)

When Comedy Was King poster

When Comedy Was King

EN · 19606.5

as (archive footage) (uncredited)

All in Good Fun poster

All in Good Fun

EN · 19554.0

as Archive Footage

Down Memory Lane poster

Down Memory Lane

EN · 19497.0

as (archive footage)

Happy Times and Jolly Moments poster

Happy Times and Jolly Moments

EN · 19437.5

as (archive footage)

Screen Snapshots (Series 22, No. 10) poster

Screen Snapshots (Series 22, No. 10)

EN · 1942Not rated

as Self (archive footage)

Stars of Yesterday poster

Stars of Yesterday

EN · 19319.0

as Self

Should Men Walk Home? poster

Should Men Walk Home?

EN · 19277.1

as The Girl Bandit

Anything Once! poster

Anything Once!

EN · 19276.8

as The Little Girl

One Hour Married poster

One Hour Married

EN · 19278.0

Actor

The Nickel-Hopper poster

The Nickel-Hopper

EN · 19267.5

as Paddy

Raggedy Rose poster

Raggedy Rose

EN · 19266.2

as Raggedy Rose

The Extra Girl poster

The Extra Girl

EN · 19236.4

as Sue Graham

Suzanna poster

Suzanna

EN · 19235.8

as Suzanna

Head Over Heels poster

Head Over Heels

EN · 19227.0

as Tina

Seeing Stars poster

Seeing Stars

EN · 19224.9

as Self

Oh, Mabel Behave poster

Oh, Mabel Behave

EN · 19229.0

as The Innkeeper's Daughter

Molly O' poster

Molly O'

EN · 19217.0

as Molly O'Dair

What Happened To Rosa poster

What Happened To Rosa

EN · 19207.2

as Mayme Ladd / Rosa Alvaro

Pinto poster

Pinto

EN · 19209.0

as Pinto

The Slim Princess poster

The Slim Princess

EN · 19209.0

as Kalora

Sis Hopkins poster

Sis Hopkins

EN · 19198.0

as Sis Hopkins

Upstairs poster

Upstairs

EN · 191910.0

as Elsie MacFarland

When Doctors Disagree poster

When Doctors Disagree

EN · 19197.0

as Millie Martin

Jinx poster

Jinx

EN · 191910.0

as The Jinx

The Pest poster

The Pest

EN · 19199.0

as Jigs

Mickey poster

Mickey

EN · 19186.5

as Mickey, Producer

The Floor Below poster

The Floor Below

EN · 19185.3

as Patricia O'Rourke

Peck's Bad Girl poster

Peck's Bad Girl

EN · 1918Not rated

as Minnie Penelope Peck

A Perfect 36 poster

A Perfect 36

EN · 1918Not rated

as Mabel

The Venus Model poster

The Venus Model

EN · 1918Not rated

as Kitty O'Brien

Back to the Woods poster

Back to the Woods

EN · 1918Not rated

as Stephanie Trent

Stake Uncle Sam to Play Your Hand poster

Stake Uncle Sam to Play Your Hand

EN · 191810.0

as Italian Girl

Dodging a Million poster

Dodging a Million

EN · 1918Not rated

as Arabella Flynn

Joan of Plattsburg poster

Joan of Plattsburg

EN · 1918Not rated

as Joan

Fatty and Mabel Adrift poster

Fatty and Mabel Adrift

EN · 19166.0

as Mabel

He Did and He Didn’t poster

He Did and He Didn’t

EN · 19166.0

as The Doctor's Wife

Bright Lights poster

Bright Lights

EN · 1916Not rated

as Mabel

Mabel and Fatty's Wash Day poster

Mabel and Fatty's Wash Day

EN · 19155.4

as Mabel

Fatty and Mabel at the San Diego Exposition poster

Fatty and Mabel at the San Diego Exposition

EN · 19155.8

as Mabel

Mabel Lost and Won poster

Mabel Lost and Won

EN · 19156.2

as Mabel, Director

Wished on Mabel poster

Wished on Mabel

EN · 19155.3

as Mabel

The Little Teacher poster

The Little Teacher

EN · 19155.7

as The Little Teacher

Mabel, Fatty and the Law poster

Mabel, Fatty and the Law

EN · 19153.9

as Mabel - Fatty's Wife

Mabel’s Wilful Way poster

Mabel’s Wilful Way

EN · 19154.9

as Mabel

Mabel and Fatty’s Married Life poster

Mabel and Fatty’s Married Life

EN · 19154.9

as Mabel

That Little Band Of Gold poster

That Little Band Of Gold

EN · 19155.1

as Mabel - the Wife

Fatty and Mabel’s Simple Life poster

Fatty and Mabel’s Simple Life

EN · 19155.3

as Mabel

Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco poster

Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco

EN · 19155.3

as Herself, Director

Their Social Splash poster

Their Social Splash

EN · 19154.8

Actor

My Valet poster

My Valet

EN · 1915Not rated

as Mabel Stebbins

Stolen Magic poster

Stolen Magic

EN · 1915Not rated

as The Friend's Wife

Mabel's Busy Day poster

Mabel's Busy Day

EN · 19145.7

as Mabel, Writer, Director

Mabel's Strange Predicament poster

Mabel's Strange Predicament

EN · 19145.4

as Mabel, Director

The Fatal Mallet poster

The Fatal Mallet

EN · 19145.5

as Pretty Girl (uncredited)

Tillie's Punctured Romance poster

Tillie's Punctured Romance

EN · 19146.2

as Mabel

Caught in a Cabaret poster

Caught in a Cabaret

EN · 19145.8

as Mabel, Director, Writer

Hello, Mabel poster

Hello, Mabel

EN · 19145.3

as Mabel - the 'Hello' Girl

A Film Johnnie poster

A Film Johnnie

EN · 19145.5

as Mabel

Mabel at the Wheel poster

Mabel at the Wheel

EN · 19145.8

as Mabel, Director

His Trysting Places poster

His Trysting Places

EN · 19146.2

as Mabel, The Wife

Getting Acquainted poster

Getting Acquainted

EN · 19145.4

as Ambrose's Wife Mabel

Gentlemen of Nerve poster

Gentlemen of Nerve

EN · 19145.7

as Mabel

Mabel's Married Life poster

Mabel's Married Life

EN · 19145.9

as Mabel, Writer

Her Friend the Bandit poster

Her Friend the Bandit

EN · 19145.0

as Mabel

Mabel's Blunder poster

Mabel's Blunder

EN · 19145.2

as Mabel, Director, Writer

Fatty's Wild Night

1914

Fatty's Wild Night

EN · 1914Not rated

Actor

Won in a Closet poster

Won in a Closet

EN · 19144.4

as Mabel, Writer, Director

Those Country Kids poster

Those Country Kids

EN · 19144.1

as Mabel

A Misplaced Foot

1914

A Misplaced Foot

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel

The Masquerader poster

The Masquerader

EN · 19145.7

as Actress Outside Studio (uncredited)

Fatty's Wine Party

1914

Fatty's Wine Party

EN · 1914Not rated

as The Girl

Mabel's New Job

1914

Mabel's New Job

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel

The Sea Nymphs

1914

The Sea Nymphs

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel

Love and Gasoline

1914

Love and Gasoline

EN · 19149.0

Actor, Director

Mabel’s Bear Escape

1914

Mabel’s Bear Escape

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel, Director

Mabel’s Stormy Love Affair

1914

Mabel’s Stormy Love Affair

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel, Director

Mabel’s Latest Prank

1914

Mabel’s Latest Prank

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel

A Missing Bride

1914

A Missing Bride

EN · 1914Not rated

as Unconfirmed role

Mabel’s Nerve

1914

Mabel’s Nerve

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel, Director

Mack at It Again

1914

Mack at It Again

EN · 1914Not rated

as Mabel

Where Hazel Met the Villain

1914

Where Hazel Met the Villain

EN · 191410.0

Actor

Lovers' Post Office

1914

Lovers' Post Office

EN · 1914Not rated

Actor

The Alarm poster

The Alarm

EN · 1914Not rated

Actor

A Gambling Rube

1914

A Gambling Rube

EN · 1914Not rated

as Unconfimed role

A Glimpse of Los Angeles

1914

A Glimpse of Los Angeles

EN · 1914Not rated

Actor

Near To Earth poster

Near To Earth

EN · 1913Not rated

Actor

Bangville Police poster

Bangville Police

EN · 19135.1

as Della, the Farmer's Daughter

Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life poster

Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life

EN · 19136.0

as Mabel

A Muddy Romance poster

A Muddy Romance

EN · 19134.8

as Mabel

Mabel's New Hero poster

Mabel's New Hero

EN · 19135.1

as Mabel

The Gusher poster

The Gusher

EN · 19134.5

as Oil Well Buyer's Sweetheart

Cohen Saves the Flag poster

Cohen Saves the Flag

EN · 19134.2

as Mabel

Hide and Seek poster

Hide and Seek

EN · 19136.5

as Mabel Brown - the Boss's Daughter

A Strong Revenge poster

A Strong Revenge

EN · 19135.0

as Mabel

The Waiters' Picnic poster

The Waiters' Picnic

EN · 19135.0

as Mabel - the Cashier

The Speed Kings poster

The Speed Kings

EN · 19134.2

as Mabel

For the Love of Mabel poster

For the Love of Mabel

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Professor Bean's Removal

1913

Professor Bean's Removal

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel - Professor Bean's Daughter

The Telltale Light

1913

The Telltale Light

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

A Noise from the Deep poster

A Noise from the Deep

EN · 19135.5

as Mabel

Love and Courage

1913

Love and Courage

EN · 1913Not rated

as The Country Boy's Sweetheart

Mabel's Dramatic Career poster

Mabel's Dramatic Career

EN · 19135.6

as Mabel, the Kitchen Maid

The Riot poster

The Riot

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel - Cohen's Daughter

The Fatal Taxicab poster

The Fatal Taxicab

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

When Dreams Come True

1913

When Dreams Come True

EN · 1913Not rated

as The Peddler's Wife

The Gypsy Queen poster

The Gypsy Queen

EN · 1913Not rated

as The Gypsy Queen

Fatty's Flirtation

1913

Fatty's Flirtation

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

On His Wedding Day poster

On His Wedding Day

EN · 19138.0

as Wedding Guest

The Ragtime Band poster

The Ragtime Band

EN · 19134.9

as Mabel

A Little Hero poster

A Little Hero

EN · 19135.0

Actor

A Healthy Neighborhood

1913

A Healthy Neighborhood

EN · 19137.0

Actor

A Double Wedding

1913

A Double Wedding

EN · 1913Not rated

as Undetermined Role

The Deacon Outwitted

1913

The Deacon Outwitted

EN · 1913Not rated

Actor

The Foreman of the Jury

1913

The Foreman of the Jury

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

For Lizzie's Sake

1913

For Lizzie's Sake

EN · 1913Not rated

as Lizzie

The Bowling Match

1913

The Bowling Match

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Father’s Choice

1913

Father’s Choice

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

The Cure That Failed

1913

The Cure That Failed

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Her New Beau

1913

Her New Beau

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Hubby’s Job

1913

Hubby’s Job

EN · 1913Not rated

as Wifey

Heinze’s Resurrection

1913

Heinze’s Resurrection

EN · 1913Not rated

as Uncredited / Unconfirmed

The Hansom Driver

1913

The Hansom Driver

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Just Brown’s Luck

1913

Just Brown’s Luck

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mrs. Brown

Love Sickness at Sea

1913

Love Sickness at Sea

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Love and Pain

1913

Love and Pain

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

The Sleuths at the Floral Parade

1913

The Sleuths at the Floral Parade

EN · 1913Not rated

as The Woman

Those Good Old Days

1913

Those Good Old Days

EN · 1913Not rated

as The Peasant Girl

Mabel’s Awful Mistakes

1913

Mabel’s Awful Mistakes

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Baby Day

1913

Baby Day

EN · 1913Not rated

Actor

The Battle of Who Run

1913

The Battle of Who Run

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mack's Girl

Foiling Fickle Father

1913

Foiling Fickle Father

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

The Doctored Affair

1913

The Doctored Affair

EN · 1913Not rated

as Tillie

The Mistaken Masher poster

The Mistaken Masher

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel - George's Girl

Mabel’s Heroes

1913

Mabel’s Heroes

EN · 19135.0

as Mabel

Red Hot Romance

1913

Red Hot Romance

EN · 1913Not rated

as Señorita

Saving Mabel’s Dad

1913

Saving Mabel’s Dad

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

The Rube and the Baron

1913

The Rube and the Baron

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

His Chum the Baron

1913

His Chum the Baron

EN · 19139.0

as Party Girl

The Champion

1913

The Champion

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

How Hiram Won Out

1913

How Hiram Won Out

EN · 1913Not rated

as Sallie

A Tangled Affair

1913

A Tangled Affair

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

The Speed Queen

1913

The Speed Queen

EN · 1913Not rated

as Nellie

At Twelve O’Clock

1913

At Twelve O’Clock

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel

Zuzu, the Band Leader

1913

Zuzu, the Band Leader

EN · 1913Not rated

as Mabel - Zuzu's Admirer

Riley and Schultze poster

Riley and Schultze

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

A Dash Through the Clouds poster

A Dash Through the Clouds

EN · 19124.3

as Josephine

The Water Nymph poster

The Water Nymph

EN · 19124.6

as Diving Venus

Neighbors poster

Neighbors

EN · 19125.0

as First French Family, the Wife

The Fickle Spaniard poster

The Fickle Spaniard

EN · 19123.5

as Marcelle

The Engagement Ring poster

The Engagement Ring

EN · 19124.0

as Alice, Writer

Tomboy Bessie poster

Tomboy Bessie

EN · 19124.6

as Tomboy Bessie

The Tragedy of a Dress Suit poster

The Tragedy of a Dress Suit

EN · 19124.0

as The Heiress, Writer

The Brave Hunter poster

The Brave Hunter

EN · 19123.7

as The Woman

A Spanish Dilemma poster

A Spanish Dilemma

EN · 19124.0

as The Señorita

Helen's Marriage poster

Helen's Marriage

EN · 19124.9

as Helen

What the Doctor Ordered poster

What the Doctor Ordered

EN · 19124.0

as Jenks' Daughter

Oh, Those Eyes! poster

Oh, Those Eyes!

EN · 19124.0

as Gladys

The Mender of Nets poster

The Mender of Nets

EN · 19125.8

as The Net Mender's rival

An Interrupted Elopement poster

An Interrupted Elopement

EN · 19124.5

as Alice, Bob's Sweetheart

Help! Help! poster

Help! Help!

EN · 19124.3

as Mrs. Suburbanite

The Furs poster

The Furs

EN · 19123.0

as The Wife

Mabel's Stratagem poster

Mabel's Stratagem

EN · 19125.0

as Mabel

Katchem Kate poster

Katchem Kate

EN · 19124.4

as Katchem Kate

The Tourists poster

The Tourists

EN · 19123.7

as Trixie - a Tourist

The Eternal Mother poster

The Eternal Mother

EN · 19124.8

as Mary, the Woman

A Voice from the Deep

1912

A Voice from the Deep

EN · 19128.0

as Minor Role (uncredited) (unconfirmed)

Cohen Collects a Debt poster

Cohen Collects a Debt

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

The New Neighbor poster

The New Neighbor

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

The Beating He Needed

1912

The Beating He Needed

EN · 1912Not rated

as Girl

Pedro's Dilemma

1912

Pedro's Dilemma

EN · 1912Not rated

as Girl

The Ambitious Butler

1912

The Ambitious Butler

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

The Flirting Husband

1912

The Flirting Husband

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mrs. Smith

Mabel's Lovers poster

Mabel's Lovers

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mabel

A Desperate Lover

1912

A Desperate Lover

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

At It Again

1912

At It Again

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mrs. Smith

The Rivals

1912

The Rivals

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mabel

A Temperamental Husband

1912

A Temperamental Husband

EN · 1912Not rated

as wife

Mr. Fixit

1912

Mr. Fixit

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mabel

The Deacon's Troubles

1912

The Deacon's Troubles

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

At Coney Island poster

At Coney Island

EN · 19126.3

as The Girl

Pat's Day Off poster

Pat's Day Off

EN · 1912Not rated

as Bridget, His Wife

Mabel’s Adventures poster

Mabel’s Adventures

EN · 19124.0

as Mabel

Hot Stuff poster

Hot Stuff

EN · 19124.2

as Hank's Sweetheart

Brown’s Séance

1912

Brown’s Séance

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mrs. Brown

He Must Have a Wife

1912

He Must Have a Wife

EN · 1912Not rated

as The Girl

Mr. Grouch at the Seashore

1912

Mr. Grouch at the Seashore

EN · 1912Not rated

as Undetermined Secondary Role

The Fatal Chocolate

1912

The Fatal Chocolate

EN · 1912Not rated

as The City Girl

The New Baby

1912

The New Baby

EN · 19129.0

as The Wife

When Kings Were the Law

1912

When Kings Were the Law

EN · 1912Not rated

as At Court (Uncredited)

Drummer’s Vacation

1912

Drummer’s Vacation

EN · 1912Not rated

Actor

A Family Mixup

1912

A Family Mixup

EN · 1912Not rated

as A Wife

The Duel

1912

The Duel

EN · 1912Not rated

as Mabel

A Midnight Elopement

1912

A Midnight Elopement

EN · 1912Not rated

as Sally Rice

The Baron poster

The Baron

EN · 19114.0

as The Heiress

The Squaw's Love poster

The Squaw's Love

EN · 19115.0

as Wild Flower

Saved from Himself poster

Saved from Himself

EN · 19113.7

as The Stenographer

Troublesome Secretaries poster

Troublesome Secretaries

EN · 19114.8

as Betty Harding

The Revenue Man and His Girl poster

The Revenue Man and His Girl

EN · 19114.5

Actor

A Tale of Two Cities poster

A Tale of Two Cities

EN · 19115.0

Actor

The Making of a Man poster

The Making of a Man

EN · 19116.5

as In Second Audience

Her Awakening poster

Her Awakening

EN · 1911Not rated

as The Daughter

Picciola; or, The Prison Flower

1911

Picciola; or, The Prison Flower

EN · 1911Not rated

as Theresa Girhardi

When a Man’s Married His Trouble Begins

1911

When a Man’s Married His Trouble Begins

EN · 1911Not rated

as Mabel, Jack's Wife

The Strategy of Ann

1911

The Strategy of Ann

EN · 191110.0

Actor

The Subduing of Mrs. Nag

1911

The Subduing of Mrs. Nag

EN · 1911Not rated

as Miss Prue, the Stenographer

His Mother

1911

His Mother

EN · 1911Not rated

as Donald's Fiancee

How Betty Won the School

1911

How Betty Won the School

EN · 1911Not rated

as Betty's Rival

Two Overcoats

1911

Two Overcoats

EN · 191110.0

Actor

Betty Becomes a Maid poster

Betty Becomes a Maid

EN · 1911Not rated

as Betty

The Diving Girl poster

The Diving Girl

EN · 1911Not rated

as The Niece

Dead Man’s Honor

1911

Dead Man’s Honor

EN · 1911Not rated

as Helen

The Unveiling

1911

The Unveiling

EN · 1911Not rated

as The Showgirl

Why He Gave Up

1911

Why He Gave Up

EN · 1911Not rated

as The Wife

Italian Blood

1911

Italian Blood

EN · 1911Not rated

Actor

Through His Wife’s Picture

1911

Through His Wife’s Picture

EN · 1911Not rated

as Wifey

A Victim of Circumstance

1911

A Victim of Circumstance

EN · 1911Not rated

Actor

The Diamond Star

1911

The Diamond Star

EN · 1911Not rated

as Guest at Dinner Party

The Inventor’s Secret

1911

The Inventor’s Secret

EN · 1911Not rated

Actor

The Changing of Silas Warner

1911

The Changing of Silas Warner

EN · 1911Not rated

as The Son's Wife

Wilful Peggy poster

Wilful Peggy

EN · 19105.0

as Maid

The Indiscretions of Betty poster

The Indiscretions of Betty

EN · 1910Not rated

Actor

Over the Garden Wall

1910

Over the Garden Wall

EN · 1910Not rated

Actor